Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric Functionalized with Citrullus colocynthis-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Ultraviolet Protection and Oil–Water Separation Efficiency

Abstract

Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric Functionalized with Citrullus colocynthis-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Ultraviolet Protection and Oil–Water Separation Efficiency This study examines the development of multifunctional cotton fabric using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized through a green method with Citrullus colocynthis leaf extract, while also considering its socio-economic and environmental implications. In the methodology, leaf extract was prepared and used as a natural reducing agent to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. During synthesis, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used to adjust the pH and facilitate nanoparticle formation. The prepared nanoparticles were then coated onto cotton fabric using a simple and low-cost application method, followed by drying and basic characterization to confirm nanoparticle formation and stability. The treated fabric was evaluated for ultraviolet (UV) protection and oil–water separation performance. The findings revealed that the coated cotton fabric achieved a high Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF > 50), indicating excellent UV-blocking capability. In addition, the fabric demonstrated effective oil–water separation, highlighting its potential for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment and pollution control. From a socio-economic perspective, the use of locally available plant materials and a simple synthesis process makes this approach affordable and accessible for small-scale textile industries, particularly in developing regions. Environmentally, the method reduces chemical usage and supports sustainable and eco-friendly production practices. Overall, this study presents a simple, cost-effective, and sustainable approach to enhancing cotton fabric with protective and environmental functionalities.