IMPACTS OF SEISMIC HAZARDS ON SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRADITIONAL KAREZ IRRIGATION

Abstract

Pakistan’s hydrological systems are strongly influenced by the country’s tectonic and geological setting, as it lies within an active seismic zone formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Geological hazards such as earthquakes, crustal deformation, and associated geomorphological processes can significantly alter both surface and groundwater systems. These processes may result in river course diversion, fluctuations in groundwater levels, sediment redistribution, and damage to traditional irrigation infrastructures such as karezes. This review paper examines the influence of tectonic activity and seismic hazards on water resources in Pakistan by synthesizing historical records, geological studies, and hydrological observations. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of tectonic controls in shaping the Indus River system, the hydrological consequences of major earthquakes, and the vulnerability of groundwater-based irrigation systems in arid regions of the country. The study highlights how geological processes have historically contributed to changes in river networks and groundwater availability, with significant implications for agricultural productivity and water security. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing resilient water resource management strategies in tectonically active regions. The findings emphasize the need for integrating geological hazard assessments into water management planning to enhance long-term sustainability and disaster resilience in Pakistan.